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Реакция читателя

Space
2023-02-28 08:49:53

Russia launches its new lunar program in 2023

В 2023 году Россия запускает свою новую лунную программу

Roskosmos told the media that the launch of the Luna-25 spacecraft is scheduled for July 13, 2023. This will be the first mission to the moon in the history of Russia. As part of it, it is planned to send an automatic probe for research in the area of the south pole of the moon. The module is expected to land near the Boguslavsky crater.

"The launch of the spacecraft "Luna-25" is scheduled for 13.07.2023, taking into account the astronomical "window" in 2023, "- told the media at the press service of Roscosmos.

In early February, Roscosmos head Yuri Borisov confirmed to the media that the research station "Luna-25" is ready for the mission and will fly in July-August 2023.

Borisov explained to the media that Roscosmos is ready to launch the unmanned Luna-25 station tomorrow, but ballistics does not allow it, so it has to wait until the summer. According to him, there is a "full" confidence that the station will fly in 2023. It will be the first launch of a domestic vehicle to the moon in more than 45 years.

"The launch window is July-August. As they say, I would love to do it tomorrow, but ballistics are like that. All technical issues are passed, the laser rangefinder, which was made by Vega Concern, is finalized. All the risks have been eliminated, we are preparing for the launch," said the head of Roscosmos to the media.

On December 21, 2022, the head of Roscosmos told the media that the next launch window suitable for the launch of Russia's Luna-25 automatic station is set for July-August 2023.

"Today we have two phases of the lunar program, lunar exploration by automatic interplanetary satellite systems. Unfortunately, this year we had to postpone the flight to next year due to a malfunction in the Doppler speed and range measurement instrument. In December of this year, the device was already delivered to the Lavochkin Scientific Production Association and its technical characteristics were confirmed. But, unfortunately, the next launch window will be in July or August next year," Borisov explained.

The head of Roskosmos added that Luna-25 is to make a soft landing near the South Pole and conduct all the necessary research there. "Then a whole series of automatic launches is planned - "Luna-26", "Luna-27", which will clarify the place of the future landing and conduct remote sensing, select this landing site. "Luna-29" already assumes the presence of a moonwalker," Borisov added.

On December 14, Roscosmos reported that the Doppler speed and range meter DISD-LR manufactured by the Vega Concern of Rostec State Corporation, required for the soft landing of the Luna-25 automatic station, passed the entry control and was installed on the spacecraft.

"The device was delivered to the Lavochkin Research and Production Association, passed the incoming inspection and was installed on the spacecraft," Roscosmos confirmed to the media. "Luna-25 is to become the first Russian-made apparatus in modern Russia on a natural satellite of the Earth.

On October 4, Vladimir Kolmykov, general director of the Lavochkin NPO, said in an interview with the Russian Space magazine (18 pages) that the company's engineers are developing alternative landing schemes for the Luna-25 automatic station using data from the Doppler speed and range meter DISD-LR, which does not suit Roscosmos in terms of accuracy of operation.

"Based on the data obtained during the DISD-LR tests, the cooperation involved in the project deployed work to analyze alternatives for descending to the lunar surface," said the general director of the research and production association.

"Statistical modeling of the spacecraft landing was performed. The results of the analysis showed that refinement and additional testing of algorithms and software for landing control is needed to achieve a given probability of successful landing, taking into account the achieved characteristics of the DISD-LR," Kolmykov added.

Specialists of Lavochkin Science and Production Association are currently engaged in revision and additional testing of algorithms and software of control system of landing of Luna-25, as well as working out of unusual situations and completion of complex tests of the on-board control system. Implementation of these works will take a few months.

The head of NPO Lavochkin explained that the comprehensive electrical tests of Luna-25 in a thermal vacuum chamber were successful and confirmed the characteristics of the device specified in the documentation.

On September 21, Igor Mitrofanov, head of the nuclear planetology department of the Space Research Institute (SRI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told the media that the launches of the Luna-26, Luna-27 and Luna-28 could be postponed for two years. According to the expert, this will happen as part of the planned import substitution of elements of the stations and adjustment of documentation.

On September 20, Mitrofanov told the media that the new launch window for Luna-25 was set for July 2023. According to the IKI RAS expert, Roscosmos specialists need to do more work with the instruments that control the motion of the spacecraft during the landing. Especially when it approaches the surface of the Moon.

On September 7 Roscosmos General Director Yuri Borisov confirmed that the launch of the Luna-25 automatic station was postponed until 2023. Earlier, industry experts had warned that Roscosmos would postpone this lunar mission by at least 2023.

"The main problematic issue affecting the schedule of preparations for the launch is the non-compliance of the characteristics of the Doppler speed and range meter (the developer is JSC "Concern "Vega") with the requirements of the technical assignment. At present JSC "NPO Lavochkin" and the cooperation involved in the project are analyzing the options for improvement of the landing scheme and algorithms for controlling the motion of the spacecraft. Successful completion of these activities will ensure the launch of the spacecraft "Luna Globe" in the launch "astronomical window" of 2023 (July-August 2023) "- reported in the press service of Roscosmos.

In July, the media reported that Roscosmos specialists acknowledged that the device necessary for the soft landing of the Luna-25 automatic station (the Doppler speed and range meter DISD-LR manufactured by the Vega concern of the Rostec State Corporation) did not meet the accuracy requirements of the technical assignment. According to the sources, the probability of a successful landing, taking into account the measurement error of the device, is 80%, while in the TOR this indicator is higher. In order to provide a high probability of a soft landing, it will be necessary to modify the device or to change the landing scheme and the algorithm for controlling the vehicle movement.

On August 20, 2021, Roskosmos announced that the launch of the Russian lunar mission Luna-25 from the Vostochny cosmodrome would be postponed from October 2021 to May 2022. The state corporation explained that the technical postponement was due to the need to conduct additional tests of the scientific instruments, units, and propulsion system of Luna-25 in conditions as close to outer space as possible. Roskosmos specialists were not fully confident in the reliability of the components of the first Russian mission to the Moon and planned to test the functioning of the onboard equipment again, including examining the electrical docking of components, analyzing the logic of communication and typical data transfer sessions in accordance with the flight program, taking into account the factors identified during the earlier ground tests.

In late April 2021, former Roskosmos head Dmitry Rogozin stated that there were no failures in preparations for the Luna-25 launch, and Roskosmos planned to bring the spacecraft to launch readiness in September.

The Russian Luna-25 spacecraft is to become a continuation of the Soviet series of stations of the same name and to open the long-term Russian lunar research program. It will include missions to study the Moon from its orbit and surface, taking and delivering lunar soil to the Earth. The main task of Luna-25 is to develop basic technologies of soft landing in the near-polar region and contact studies of the south pole of the Moon.

The first Russian lunar lander consists of two main structural parts: upper and lower.

The upper part of Luna 25 is a non-hermetic instrument compartment, which contains solar panels, radiator for thermal control system, electronic equipment, scientific instruments, power source. All in all, there are nine different scientific instruments (weighing about 30 kg) on board the station: eight Russian and one developed by the European Space Agency. Russian instruments are designed to study composition, structure, physical and mechanical properties of lunar polar regolith, dust and plasma exosphere near the south pole of the Moon, to estimate the mass fraction of water in the lunar soil at the landing point. Other AMS payloads include a TV system (eight cameras which transmit images during landing and lunar exploration), a manipulator complex (which provides for taking lunar rock from 15-30 cm depth and putting it into a special analyzer device) and a device that provides power switching and command and telemetry exchange of scientific payloads with service systems of the vehicle.

The lower part of the AMS is a landing device, which is a structure with shock-absorbing landing legs, providing a soft touchdown on the lunar surface. The station propulsion system is installed there, which is used to correct the trajectory to the Moon, brake when descending from the orbit and make a soft landing. In the lower part there are fuel tanks, manipulator of soil-intake device, sensors and antennas of communication system.

Luna-25 will be launched from the Vostochny launch site by a Soyuz 2.1b booster with a Fregat upper stage, which will put the station on a flight path to the Moon. Flight under the standard program will take from 4.5 to 5.5 days, depending on the specific date of launch. During the flight two corrections will be made with the help of the station propulsion system, and after working off the braking pulse "Luna-25" will enter the lunar polar orbit. The space station will stay there for three to seven days, during which time the station and the control center will have to perform thorough trajectory measurements for the presettlement orbit. Then the station's propulsion system will bring it out of orbit and provide near-zero speed at the time of landing. This should happen no later than 12 days from the launch date. Scientists of Russian Academy of Sciences have chosen two points for landing: the main one, north of Boguslavsky crater, and the reserve one, southwest of Manzini crater. Each landing site took the form of a 30×15 km ellipse with slopes not exceeding 15° and rocks not exceeding 150 mm.



космос
луна
россия




Encyclopaedic reference
Луна - естественный спутник Земли. Самый близкий к Солнцу спутник планеты, так как у ближайших к Солнцу планет, Меркурия и Венеры, спутников нет. Второй по яркости объект на земном небосводе после Солнца и пятый по величине естественный спутник планеты Солнечной системы. 
Космос - относительно пустые участки Вселенной, которые лежат вне границ атмосфер небесных тел.
Россия - государство в Восточной Европе и Северной Азии. Россия — крупнейшее государство в мире.

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